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Barbary Wars
The Barbary Wars were two wars fought at different times over the same reasons between the United States and the Barbary states (the ''de jure'' Ottoman Empire possessions of, but ''de facto'' independent, Tunis, Algiers, and Tripoli) of North Africa in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. At issue was the Barbary pirates' demand for tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. If ships of a given country failed to pay, pirates would attack the ship and take their goods, and often enslave crew members or hold them for ransom. When Thomas Jefferson became President he refused to pay tribute and sent a United States Naval fleet to the Mediterranean; they bombarded the various fortified pirate cities, ultimately extracting concessions of fair passage from their rulers. Both the administrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison undertook actions against the Barbary States at different times. Jefferson led the first, from 1801 to 1805, against pirates' cities in what are today Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria. Madison directed forces for the second war in 1815.
==Barbary corsairs==
(詳細はBarbary Corsairs, sometimes called Ottoman Corsairs or Berber Pirates, were pirates and privateers who operated from North Africa, based primarily in the ports of Tunis, Tripoli and Algiers. This area was known in Europe as the Barbary Coast, a term derived from the name of its Berber inhabitants. Their predation extended throughout the Mediterranean, south along West Africa's Atlantic seaboard and even South America,〔A 44-gun Algerian corsair appeared at Río de la Plata in 1720. Cesáreo Fernández Duro, ''Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y de León'', Madrid, 1902, Vol. VI, p. 185〕 and into the North Atlantic as far north as Iceland, but they primarily operated in the western Mediterranean. In addition to seizing ships, they engaged in ''Razzias'', raids on European coastal towns and villages, mainly in Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal, but also in England, Scotland, the Netherlands, Ireland, and as far away as Iceland. The main purpose of their attacks was to capture Christian-European slaves for the Muslim-Arab slave market in North Africa.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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